A Case Report on the Impact of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions from Sawmills on the Health of Sawmill Workers in Osisioma Nngwa, Abia State, Nigeria

Abstract

Sawmill workers are exposed to wood dust, which may cause skin irritation, allergy, and respiratory symptoms including asthma. This study investigates the concentration level of air pollutants in two major saw mills in Osisioma L.G.A in Abia state, Nigeria. Comprehensive air quality measurements were conducted using Hand held mobile multi-gas monitor, BLATN air quality monitor (model BR—Smart Series) and Air quality multimeter (model B SIDE EET100) focusing on key pollutants such as ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, methane, ozone, photochemical smog, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Results revealed elevated concentrations of several pollutants, with particulate matter significantly exceeding permissible limits. At Timber Plaza, PM2.5 levels reached 70.0 mg/m³ and PM10 levels increased to 130.0 mg/m³ in the working hours, both far above the regulatory limits of 0.25 mg/m³ and 0.50 mg/m³ respectively. Similarly, at Uratta Timber Market, PM2.5 concentrations were as high as 60.0 mg/m³, and PM10 levels reached 120.0 mg/m³ in some locations. Health impact assessments conducted through questionnaires among sawmill workers revealed a high prevalence of respiratory problems, including shortness of breath, frequent coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, throat irritation, and nasal congestion. For instance, in Uratta Timber Market, 23 (92%) out of 25 respondents experienced shortness of breath, with 64% reporting it occurring 'often' or 'sometimes'. Similar patterns were observed in Timber Plaza, where 22 (88%) of the respondents reported shortness of breath. Majority of respondents reported a perceived impact of poor air quality on their health, with frequent visits to doctors and reliance on medication for respiratory issues. The findings show the urgent need for implementing effective dust control measures, regular air quality monitoring, and health surveillance programs to mitigate the adverse effects on workers’ health.