Physicochemical and Molecular Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Hydrocarbon-Impacted Aquatic Environments within the Niger Delta of Nigeria

Abstract

The Niger Delta is one of the world’s most significant hydrocarbon-rich regions, harbouring vast oil reserves that have been exploited for decades. Oil exploration in Nigeria's Niger Delta has led to extensive hydrocarbon contamination, severely impacting aquatic ecosystems and necessitating effective remediation strategies. Indigenous microbial communities in these environments have adapted, with certain bacterial strains demonstrating the capacity to produce biosurfactants—amphiphilic molecules that enhance the bioavailability and biodegradation of hydrophobic pollutants. This study aimed to characterize biosurfactant-producing bacteria isolated from hydrocarbon-impacted aquatic environments in the Niger Delta and their biosurfactants. Samples from selected sites underwent physicochemical and microbiological profiling, revealing dynamic variations in pH, salinity, and nutrient availability influenced by hydrocarbon presence. High-yielding biosurfactant producers were screened and identified through molecular techniques, showing relationships to Pseudochrobactrum sp., Bacillus albus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes faecalis, Alcaligenes ammonioxydans, and Cupriavidus malaysiensis. The highest emulsification index recorded was 96% which was produced by isolate code SC24- identified as Alcaligenes ammonioxydans. These findings underscore the potential of these indigenous bacterial strains and their biosurfactants for sustainable bioremediation and industrial applications, particularly in mitigating oil pollution in challenging environments. This research contributes novel insights into the unique metabolic capabilities of these adaptable microorganisms and supports the development of eco-friendly solutions.