Influence of Active and Passive Smoking on the Urinary Concentration of 1 Hydroxyl Pyrene, Oxidative Stress and Renal Activity in Male Subjects

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of active and passive smoking on the urinary concentration of 1 hydroxyl pyrene, oxidative stress and renal activity in male subjects. Methods: Urine samples each of forty active and passive smokers including forty non-smokers were collected in a 3L specimen collection jar with volumes ranging from 1450 ml to 2600 ml and clearly labeled according to their respective group. Blood samples were also collected from each of the subjects into heparinized tubes then followed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 mins to get the serum. The urine samples were used for the determination of 1-hydroxyl pyrene while the serum was used for the determination of antioxidant, creatinine and urea levels. Results: There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of 1-hydroxyl pyrene in urine of passive and active smokers compared to non-smokers but there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the concentration of 1-hydroxyl pyrene in urine of active smokers and passive smokers. The level of oxidative stress markers; catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase decreased significantly (P<0.05) respectively and the level of lipid peroxidation marker; malondialdehyde increased significantly (P<0.05) in the serum of passive and active smokers compared to non-smokers. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the levels of oxidative stress markers; catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase respectively and lipid peroxidation marker; malondialdehyde between the serum of passive and active smokers. A significant increase (P<0.05) in the level of creatinine and urea was recorded in the serum of passive and active smokers compared to non-smokers while there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the level of creatinine and urea between the serum of passive and active smokers. Conclusion: In the course of active and passive smoking, oxidative stress and renal dysfunction were clearly aggravated and the dynamic equilibrium between oxidation and antioxidation was seriously disrupted. This confirms the toxicological effects of smoking on human health.   Retraction Notice: This paper has been retracted from the journal after receipt of written complains. This journal is determined to promote integrity in research publication. This retraction is in spirit of the same. After formal procedures editor(s) and publisher have retracted this paper on 26th July-2016. Related policy is available here: http://goo.gl/lI77Nn