Advancing Nutritional Quality through Genome Editing for Biofortification: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Hidden hunger, driven by micronutrient deficiencies, remains a major global challenge, particularly in marginalized regions where cereals form the dietary staple. Genetic biofortification offers a sustainable and cost-effective strategy to enhance the nutritional profile of crops by increasing levels of essential amino acids, zinc, and iron. This review synthesizes advances from conventional breeding, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, and molecular tools, with emphasis on integrating wild relatives into wheat improvement programs. Marker-assisted and genomic selection have accelerated progress, while recent breakthroughs in CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing enable precise modification of genes regulating nutrient accumulation and crop productivity. Demonstrated successes in rice, wheat, maize, and barley highlight the potential of genome editing to complement traditional approaches. Importantly, linking biofortification research with nutrition security policies ensures broader adoption and impact, especially in resource-poor households. Integrating genome editing with systems-level breeding strategies, multi-environment trials, and nutrition-oriented policy frameworks will be critical to scale biofortification globally. Investments in regulatory clarity, farmer adoption programs, and consumer awareness are essential to maximize benefits.