A Systemic Approach to Enhancing the Economic Value of Arabica Coffee as a Leading Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) on Lombok Island

Abstract

Arabica coffee cultivated on Lombok Island, particularly in the Sembalun highlands, is produced within forest-based agroforestry systems and demonstrates high sensory quality (cupping score: 82.25), positioning it as a potential leading Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP). Despite this potential, limited downstream processing, fragmented supply chain coordination, and weak farmer institutional capacity constrain its economic performance. Previous studies on Indonesian coffee have largely emphasized production and marketing aspects, with limited attention to a systemic framework integrating value chains, institutional strengthening, and cross-sectoral linkages within forest landscapes. This study proposes a systemic approach to enhancing the economic value of Arabica coffee as an NTFP. Using a qualitative design, primary data were collected from 32 informants including farmers, cooperative managers, local government representatives, and tourism actors through in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions conducted between March-August 2025. Field observations and document analysis complemented the data, which were analyzed using thematic analysis and triangulation techniques to ensure validity. The findings reveal that value enhancement opportunities lie in (1) strengthening origin-based branding and geographical identity, (2) adopting locally appropriate post-harvest technologies, (3) promoting product diversification through circular economy practices, (4) developing inclusive financing and collective certification schemes, and (5) integrating coffee development with ecotourism initiatives. The study formulates a systemic framework linking production innovation, institutional capacity, market integration, and social dynamics within forest landscapes. Practically, the results provide actionable recommendations for farmer cooperatives, local governments, and development agencies to transition from raw bean marketing toward higher-value, certified, and tourism-linked coffee products. The study contributes to the literature on NTFP value enhancement by advancing a cross-sectoral and institutionally grounded model for sustainable agroforestry-based economic development.