Blood Pressure Pattern among Young Adults Using Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in South-South Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a significant public health concern worldwide, including Nigeria, with its prevalence steadily rising. Although HTN has historically been associated with older adults, studies have revealed an increasing frequency of the condition in younger adults. This presents unique challenges and implications for long-term health outcomes. In Nigeria, HTN in young individuals is a problem that receives little attention because it is still mistakenly thought of as an illness that only affects the elderly. To dispel this myth, this study aims to identify hypertensive young persons and to investigate the levels and patterns of hypertension in young adults utilizing ABPM in southern Nigeria. Method: A retrospective study was conducted among young adults aged 18-39 in Southern Nigeria. Participants underwent ABPM to assess their BP levels and patterns over 24 hours. Demographic data, lifestyle factors, and medical history were also collected. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were employed to analyze the data. Results: This study consisted of 111 participants, 53.2% males and 46.8% females, with a mean age of 32.9 years. Tobacco consumption was reported by 10% of respondents, while 43.2% reported alcohol consumption. Significant differences in blood pressure parameters between genders were observed during the wake period, with males showing higher average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures. During sleep, males exhibited higher average systolic and mean arterial pressures, but lower average heart rate compared to females. Good BP control was observed in 48.65% of participants, with the majority exhibiting a non-dipping pattern (48.65%) followed by good dipping (36.04%). Masked hypertension, white coat hypertension, and anxiety-related BP were observed in 1%, 1.80%, and 4.50% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: The study revealed a majority with good blood pressure control, yet a substantial portion exhibited sub-optimal control, emphasizing the continued need for vigilance and interventions in cardiovascular health. Therefore, health practitioners should prioritize raising awareness of hypertension in young adults and promoting early lifestyle changes to mitigate future risks.