Reframing Digital Transformation Management in Greek Education: Artificial Intelligence, Systemic Challenges, and Strategic Policy Pathways

Abstract

This paper examines the evolving role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the digital transformation of the Greek educational system, focusing on the management of digital transformation and providing a comprehensive narrative review of developments across all levels of education. Drawing on academic literature, policy documents, and institutional reports from 2018 to 2025, the study explores the extent of AI integration, institutional readiness, stakeholder perceptions, and the systemic challenges that shape implementation. The findings indicate that, despite notable progress, particularly accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, AI adoption in Greece remains uneven and fragmented. Higher education institutions lead in the integration of advanced technologies, while primary and secondary education lag behind due to infrastructural limitations, insufficient teacher training, and lack of coordinated policy frameworks. Stakeholder analysis reveals cautious optimism among educators, strong adaptability among students, and strategic awareness among policymakers, though often without effective execution mechanisms. The paper identifies key barriers, including digital inequalities, limited professional development opportunities, and unresolved ethical and regulatory concerns. It argues that without a cohesive national strategy, AI integration risks reinforcing existing disparities rather than promoting educational equity. In response, the study proposes a multi-level strategic framework that emphasizes investment in infrastructure, systematic teacher training, and the establishment of clear ethical governance structures. Aligning national efforts with European Union priorities is highlighted as a critical pathway for sustainable and inclusive digital transformation. The paper concludes by outlining directions for future research, including long-term impact assessment, comparative European analysis, and the development of culturally adaptive AI systems tailored to the Greek educational context.