Roots and Routes to Income: Unveiling Socio-economic Drivers among Gouli and Siddi Communities of Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India

Abstract

This study examines the determinants of family income among the Gouli and Siddi indigenous communities residing in the Central Western Ghats region to understand the socio-economic factors influencing livelihood outcomes. Identifying these determinants is essential for designing targeted, community-specific development interventions that can enhance income levels, reduce inequality, and promote sustainable livelihoods. A multistage purposive and stratified random sampling technique was applied to collect the data from 90 households (45 each) and income determinants were identified employing multiple regression analysis. Key factors influencing income were identified as household labour force size, extent of livelihood diversification, landholding, number of productive livestock, and age of the household head. The analysis revealed that income generation is significantly supported by diversified livelihoods and active family participation in economic activities, while land and livestock ownership also contributed positively, though variably across communities. Formal education showed limited direct impact, highlighting a misalignment between educational outcomes and local livelihood realities. The findings stress the need for integrated policy approaches that strengthen land tenure security, promote livestock development, support diversified livelihood opportunities, and introduce skill-based education tailored to indigenous contexts. This study was conducted to explore the foundational drivers of their livelihood and to propose actionable pathways for improving the well-being of these disadvantaged communities. These measures are crucial for enhancing the economic resilience and autonomy of indigenous households, aligning with the broader vision of establishing sustainable “Roots and Routes to Income.”