Shaping Nutritional Sustainability in Wheat: The Crucial Role of Agronomic Biofortification in Zinc Enhancement

Abstract

Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) is the world's most important source of calories, but inherent micronutrient deficiencies, especially in zinc (Zn), cause dietary zinc deficiency—in susceptible groups. Agronomic biofortification, a targeted intervention using micronutrient-enriched fertilizer regimes (specifically, ZnSO₄ foliar and integrated soil-foliar applications), has become a viable, scalable, and affordable way to increase the concentration of zinc (Zn) and its bioavailability in wheat grain tissue, circumventing genotype- and soil-related barriers to micronutrient uptake. Modern approaches that address anti-nutritional antagonists like phytic acid and show increased efficacy for Zn translocation and remobilization into edible endosperm include source-sink optimization, integrated nutrient management (INM), nano-chelated Zn carriers, and targeted application during critical phonological stages. The paper thoroughly summarizes developments in mineral solubilization, rhizosphere engineering, and foliar nutrition. It also incorporates data from case studies that highlight the best fertilizer formulation, timing, and physiochemical soil limits on zinc bio efficacy. The requirement for regionally tailored 4R nutrient stewardship (appropriate source, rate, time, and place), clarifying the relationships between genotype, environment, and management, and reducing the environmental and toxicological hazards associated with extended micronutrient input are among the remaining obstacles. By improving food nutritional density, addressing dietary zinc deficiencies quickly and sustainably, and assisting with international public health campaigns, the strategic use of agronomic biofortification is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.