Role of Antioxidants in Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Improving Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Oxidative stress occurs when the body's antioxidant defense mechanisms are unable to neutralize the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Physical exercise is a well-established inducer of oxidative stress, primarily due to enhanced mitochondrial respiration and ROS production in cellular compartments. Persistent oxidative stress can lead to structural and functional cellular damage, contributing to endothelial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of various chronic conditions. The interplay between physical activity and oxidative stress is complex and highly dependent on exercise duration, intensity, and training status. Although the body owns a robust endogenous antioxidant defense system, excessive oxidative stress may overwhelm these intrinsic mechanisms. In such cases, the intake of exogenous antioxidants—particularly through diet—becomes critical. Adequate consumption of antioxidant-rich foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, sprouts, and beans, is essential for athletes to maintain redox homeostasis. Vitamins and minerals with antioxidant properties, such as vitamins C and E, selenium, and zinc, play a pivotal role in this context. The involvement of ROS and the antioxidant response in training-induced physiological adaptations and sports performance has been a major focus of research in recent years. So, keeping this in view this review explores the mechanisms of oxidative stress in athletes, the role of endogenous and dietary antioxidants, and evaluates recent studies on antioxidant supplementation and its effects on performance and recovery. Additionally, the findings are intended to guide athletes and sports professionals in optimizing their nutritional strategies based on individualized assessments, including blood biomarkers and physiological evaluations.